Related items
Files related to the 14 percent
falsehood
- 20160126 Ranchos Acquisition Efforts Transparency Report
- 20160222 The cat is out of the bag!
- 20160225 Gaffe riot
- 20160413 Mailer: New name. Same old game.
- 20160425 Gaffe riot — revisited
- 20160506 E-mail: Video clip (Penna)
- 20160506 Re: Video Clip (Martin)
- 20160223 Liberty Apple Valley rebuttal to TOAV misrepresentation
- 20160525 Re: Video clip (Penna)
- 20160913 Transparency Report
- 20160915 Apple Valley’s water transparency report reveals price tag at $1.5 million
- 20160916 MIA from the ‘Transparency Report’
- 20161004 The company he keeps
- 20161017 An open letter to Bill McDaniel
Acquisition-related files
- 20150624 AVRWC System Acquisition Project: Notice of preparation
- 20150624 AVRWC System Acquisition Project: Initial Study
- 20150707 AVRWC System Acquisition Project: Environmental Impact Report (EIR) Scoping Meeting
- 20150707 Letter opposing tonight’s Scoping Report
- 20150707 About that ‘scoping meeting’ (Lee)
- 20160716 Amended Notice of Preparation of an Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Apple Valley Ranchos Water System Acquisition Project EIR Comment Period Time Extension and Additional Scoping Meeting Date
- 20150716 Apple Valley Ranchos Water System Acquisition Project: Amended Initial Study
- 20150803 Opposing the Amended Scoping Report
- 20150818 Opposing the Amended EIR Scoping Report
- 20150917 Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR) for the Apple Valley Ranchos Water System Acquisition Project
- 20151101 Opposing the Draft EIR Report
- 20151109 Final Environmental Impact Report (FEIR) for the Apple Valley Ranchos Water System Acquisition Project
- 20151216 Petition for Writ of Mandate (Brogan)
- 20180224 Frivolous EIR (Carloni)
- 20180308 Liberty Utilities might challenge Apple Valley on fees
- 20180308 Compensation for all
Files related to Apple Valley’s water system history
Files related to CIVDS1600180
- 20160107 TOAV Complaint: CIVDS1600180
- 20160223 LAV Answer: CIVDS1600180
- 20180228 Ruling on motion to compel production of Town’s transition plan: CIVDS1600180
- 20210507 Tentative Decision: CIVDS1600180
- 20210507 Key excerpts from the Tentative Decision: CIVDS1600180
- 20210510 Judge tentatively rules against Town in water trial
- 20210511 Judge makes preliminary ruling against Apple Valley taking over water system
- 20210517 A closer look: Why Liberty Utilities’ arguments were favored in Apple Valley’s eminent domain lawsuit
- 20210601 Town of Apple Valley’s Objections to Tentative Statement of Decision: CIVDS1600180
- 20210618 Liberty Utilities’ Response to Town of Apple Valley’s Objections to Tentative Statement of Decision: CIVDS1600180
- Liberty decision: Thoughts and impressions (Carloni)
- Liberty Utilities decision (Carloni)
- Liberty decision: Update (Carloni)
- Hearing tomorrow on Town/Liberty decision (Carloni)
- Court report: Eminent domain trial hearing update (Carloni)
- 20211007 Ruling on objections to Tentative Statement of Decision: CIVDS1600180
- 20211008 Final Decision: CIVDS1600180
- 20211009 Liberty Utilities’ Statement in response to the Final Decision: CIVDS1600180
- 20211112 Order of Dismissal and Judgment: CIVDS1600180
- 20220802 Ruling on Defendant Liberty Utilities Motion for Award of Litigation Expenses: CIVDS1600180
- 20220802 Ruling on Motion for Litigation Expenses Pursuant to CCP 1268.610: CIVDS1600180
- 20220811 Minute Order: CIVDS1600180
- 20220921 Plaintiff’s Designation of Record on Appeal: CIVDS1600180
- 20230329 Order: CIVDS1600180
Files related to Claremont
- 20150308 Acquiring AVRWC is right move for Apple Valley
- 20150314 Expense of possible AVRWC acquisition difficult to gauge
- 20150514 Claremont Water System — Supplement to 2012 Appraisal Report
- 20150905 Letter: Lawyers, water, and money (O’Neil)
- 20150918 TOAV fires back at Coupal
- 20150923 Editorial: Water, takeovers, and the people
- 20151015 Cities and private equity firms fight over ownership of water systems
- 20160712 Public records request (Manning)
- 20160721 Conflict of interest (Manning)
- 20160904 Letter: Peter Allen supporting Measure V (Nassif)
- 20161012 Claremont Set To Raise Rates For Utilities
- 20161018 Will Apple Valley become California’s Flint, MI?
- 20161110 Statement of tentative decision (Claremont v. Golden State Water)
- 20161110 Judge issues tentative decision against city in water system acquisition trial (Claremont v. Golden State Water)
- 20161114 Measures V and W
- 20161115 Polls and votes
- 20161116 Another false narrative
- 20161116 Liberty sees Claremont’s eminent-domain loss as sign of things to come in Apple Valley
- 20161121 Voters show they want a say in water takeover issue (Hanson)
- 20161215 Another costly day for Apple Valley
- 20161218 Time to pay attention: An open letter to Larry Cusack
- 20170111 Claremont city manager getting a $21,000 bonus
- 20170114 Price tag for Claremont’s failed attempt to take over water system keeps rising
- 20170115 Our View: Time for foes to sit down and talk
- Time for the Town Council to listen for a change
- Response to Thomas Lecoq (Carloni)
- Time for a second opinion? (Carloni)
- 20170209 Avoiding the Claremont disaster (video)
- 20170213 Valley Voices: Apple Valley would be wise to work with Liberty Utilities (Wright)
- 20170216 James Belna on the Claremont eminent domain disaster (video)
- 20170220 Claremont resident talks [about] avoiding ‘disaster’ in Apple Valley
- 20170220 Conflict of interest
- 20170220 Letter: Response to Thomas Rice (Belna)
- 20170226 Letter: James Belna’s visit (Hanson)
- 20170226 Letter: Rice rebuttal (Trozpek)
- Claremont public records request
- Truth not tricks (Carloni)
- Comments to the Town Council opposing the ballot measure
- 20170314 Town Council meeting (McCarthy)
- 20170322 Skewing the facts (Hanson)
- 20170323 Letter: Sit down and settle (Henard)
- 20170406 Guest commentary: Government takeovers of water systems don’t deliver results — study
- Who pays?
- Responding to claims made on Facebook
- 20170508 Liberty Utilities radio ad — Claremont (audio)
- Not paying attention
- 20171010 Claremont reaches $4.8 million settlement agreement with Golden State Water
- 20171017 Claremont settlement reignites Apple Valley water war
- 20171026 Claremont cuts ties with its city attorney, law firm
Files related to the CPUC application 1401002
- 20150624 TOAV comments: Application 1401002
- 20150702 AVRWC reply comments: Application 1401002
- 20150703 ORA reply comments: Application 1401002
- Letter to the CPUC re: Application 1401002
- 20151016 Proposed CPUC decision regarding application 1410002
- 20151016 Proposed CPUC decision regarding application 1410002 (attachments)
- Letter to the CPUC re: Proposed decision of ALJ Tsen regarding Application 1401002
- 20151123 Decision 1511030 approving final settlement agreement, resolving disputed issues, and adopting the 2015, 2016, and 2017 revenue requirements for Apple Valley Ranchos Water Company: Application 1401002
Files related to the CPUC application 1411013
- 20150316 CPUC meeting transcript: Application 1411013
- 20150529 Joint Motion of the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, Liberty Utilities Co., Liberty WWH, Inc., Western Water Holdings, LLC, Park Water Company (U 314 W), and AVRWC (U-346-W) for approval of settlement agreement: Application 1411013
- CPUC: Please grant the joint motion: Application 1411013
- 20150624 Joint status update of the ORA, LU, Liberty WWH, Inc., Western Water Holdings, LLC, PWC (U 314 W), and AVRWC (U-346-W): Application 1411013
- 20150625 Status update: Application 1411013
- 20150629 TOAV’s comments on the joint motion of the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, Liberty Utilities Co., Liberty WWH, Inc., Western Water Holdings, LLC, Park Water Company (U 314 W), and AVRWC (U-346-W) for approval of settlement agreement: Application 1411013
- 20150709 Reply comments by Liberty Utilities Co., Liberty WWH, Inc., Western Water Holdings, LLC, Park Water Company (U 314 W), and AVRWC (U-346-W) in support of settling parties’ joint motion for approval of settlement agreement: Application 1411013
- 20151207 Decision adopting the settlement agreement and conditionally approving the application: Application 1411013 (CPUC)
- 20151228 Decision adopting the settlement agreement and conditionally approving the application: Application 1411013
- 20160105 CPUC approves Ranchos sale
Files related to Hayward Consulting Group’s so-called appraisal/valuation
- 20150324 Hayward’s appraisal summary statement: AVRWC
- 20150324 Preliminary business valuation estimates of AVRWC
- 20150601 Hayward’s revised appraisal summary statement: AVRWC
- 20150626 Letter: Town of Apple Valley offer per Government Code Section 7267.2 to purchase Apple Valley Ranchos Water Company’s water system
Videos by Kerry Henard
- 20160325 Video: Examples of water conservation at James Woody Park (Henard)
- 20160331 Video: Water leaks at the Horsemen’s Center (Henard)
- 20160401 Video: Water leaks at Civic Center Park (Henard)
- 20160411 Video: Revisiting water leaks at Horsemen’s Center (Henard)
- 20160414 Video: Leak of the week — Civic Center Park (Henard)
- 20160417 Video: Leak of the week — Civic Center Park #2 (Henard)
- 20160421 Video: Epic fail: Golf Course water waste (Henard)
- 20160424 Video: Water usage at Civic Center Park (Henard)
- 20160426 Video: Animal Services landscraping fail (Henard)
- 20160424 Video: Horsemen’s Park water tank inspection (Henard)
- 20160506 Videos: Tour of the Apple Valley Horsemen’s Center (Henard)
- 20160512 Video: Fire Station tour (Henard)
- 20160513 Video: Brewster Park maintenance (Henard)
- 20160513 Video: Civic Center epic fail (Henard)
- 20160517 Video: Easter Sunday water leak (Henard)
- 20160517 Video: Sidewalk fails (Henard)
- 20160518 Video: Town Hall maintenance (Henard)
- 20160518 Video: Civic Center Park pool waste (Henard)
- 20160521 Video: Dangerous conditions at Horsemen’s Center (Henard)
- 20160525 Video: Dangerous conditions at Civic Center Park pool (Henard)
- 20160525 Video: Dangerous conditions at James Woody Park (Henard)
- 20160603 Video: Safety inspection of Brewster Park (Henard)
- 20160603 Videos: Safety inspection of James Woody Park (Henard)
- 20160603 Video: Safety inspection of Lions Park (Henard)
- 20160611 Video: Safety inspection of Corwin Park (Henard)
- 20160611 Video: Town of Apple Valley lift station (Henard)
- 20160612 Video: Town of Apple Valley curbing issues (Henard)
- 20160613 Video: Town of Apple Valley weed patrol (Henard)
- 20160617 Video: Town of Apple Valley lift station clean-up fail (Henard)
- 20160619 Video: Town of Apple Valley Amphitheater municipal code violations (Henard)
- 20160620 Video: Town of Apple Valley Golf Course property inspection (Henard)
- 20160621 Video: Town of Apple Valley Golf Course signs (Henard)
- 20160622 Video: Town of Apple Valley Golf Course restrooms (Henard)
- 20160624 Video: Norm Schmidt Park inspection (Henard)
- 20160625 Video: What if Apple Valley owned the municipal water system? (Henard)
- 20160627 Video: Town of Apple Valley’s ‘local control’ (Henard)
- 20160627 Video: Town of Apple Valley’s ‘communication breakdown’ (Henard)
- 20160628 Video: Mendel Park inspection (Henard)
- 20160629 Video: Town of Apple Valley ‘Going Green’ (Henard)
- 20160910 Video: Town of Apple Valley Golf Course inspection: Part 1 (Henard)
- 20160912 Video: Town of Apple Valley Golf Course inspection: Part 2 (Henard)
Documents related to Kinsell Newcomb & De Dios, Inc. (KND)
Files related to the Leane Lee’s 2015 verified petition for writ of mandate and complaint
- 20150520 Verified petition for writ of mandate and complaint for injunctive and declaratory relief: CIVDS1507221
- 20150619 TOAV’s notice of demurrer and demurrer to petition: CIVDS1507221
- 20150720 Verified First Amended Petition for Writ of Mandate; Complaint for Declaratory Relief: CIVDS1507221
- 20150831 TOAV’s answer to first amended petition for writ of mandate: CIVDS1507221
- 20170203 Judgment in Lee vs. Town of Apple Valley: CIVDS1507221
Files related to Measure V
- 20150913 Commentary: Apple Valley water takeover plan: Know the full cost (Coupal)
- 20160621 Measure V
- 20160726 TOAV staff report on Measure V
- 20160831 Best supporters money can buy
- 20160831 Serious omission
- 20160831 Town paid more than $50K for ballot measure
- 20160904 Letter: Peter Allen supporting Measure V (Nassif)
- 20160906 Town business practices
- 20160908 Letter: Don’t waste your vote (Carloni)
- 20160911 Letter: Measure Waste (Carloni)
- 20160918 Our View: The right to vote on big projects
- 20160919 Support Measure V
- 20160923 Opinion: Measure V is for voting to ensure government is accountable (Mann)
- 20160924 Letter: Measure W (Piercy)
- 20160925 Opinion: Measure V respects Liberty Utilities customers’ rights (Sorensen)
- 20160929 Letter: Time to go (Varga)
- 20161002 Letter: Reject Measure W (Allan)
- 20161010 Letter: Truth about V and W (Bell)
- 20161011 Letter: The measure of a man (Varga)
- 20161018 Will Apple Valley become California’s Flint, MI?
- 20161020 Yes on Measure V (video)
- 20161023 Letter: Supports Measure V (Schappert)
- 20161025 Diving into the shallow waters of Measure W
- 20161102 Letter: Measure of a man (McCarthy)
- 20161102 No water in Measure W
- 20161103 More Measure W misdirection
- 20161103 No on W, Yes on V
- 20161105 Money flows like water
- 20161111 Letter: Diving into shallow ‘W’ater
- 20161111 Measure V garnered 2,319 more yes votes than Measure W
- 20161113 Tuesday’s election results
- 20161114 Measures V and W
- 20161115 Polls and votes
- 20161121 Voters show they want a say in water takeover issue (Hanson)
Files related to the Proposition 218 issue
General
- Op-ed: Privatization not always the best course (Nassif)
- Proposition 218: No real protection in Apple Valley
- It’s not personal, it’s just business
- Dear Resident
- Water utility oversight
Sewer rates
- Request for Public Records: Waste water and Sewer rates (KKBS)
- Town of Apple Valley water company takeover
- Is TOAV being investigated for Proposition 218 violations?
- Where there’s smoke …
- Letter re: Proposition 218 violations (KKBS)
- Town of Apple Valley’s sewer rate increases called illegal by law firm
- What is Proposition 218?
- Verified petition for writ of mandate to order compliance with California Public Records Act: CIVDS1517800 (KKBS)
- Verified petition for writ of mandate and complaint for declaratory relief: CIVDS1604968 (KKBS)
- Lawsuit against Apple Valley alleges Prop 218 violations related to Wastewater Division
- Writ of mandate
- Letter: Of refunds and requests (Bonson)
Trash rates
- Verified petition for writ of mandate; and complaint for injunctive and declaratory relief and refund of illegal fees and charges: CIVDS1725027 (KKBS)
- Order preliminarily approving class action settlement, provisionally certifying settlement class, and directing notice to class: CIVDS1725027 (KKBS)
- Town of Apple Valley likely to settle in trash rate lawsuit
Links related to the Proposition 218 issue
Files dealing with Marc Puckett
- 19920114 Minutes of a special meeting of the city council for the City of East Detroit, Macomb County, Michigan
- 19920225 Minutes of a special meeting of the city council for the City of East Detroit, Macomb County, Michigan
- 19920303 Minutes of a special meeting of the city council for the City of East Detroit, Macomb County, Michigan
- 19920305 Minutes of a special meeting of the city council for the City of East Detroit, Macomb County, Michigan
- 19920319 Minutes of a special meeting of the city council for the City of East Detroit, Macomb County, Michigan
- 19920623 Minutes of a special meeting of the city council for the City of East Detroit, Macomb County, Michigan
- 19960111 Retirement firm accuses official of favoritism
- 19960403 Folks soaked by water bills may get relief
- 19960920 Marc Puckett’s red light ticket
- 19990130 $9-million pension fund transfer raises questions
- 19990202 Retirement panel urges ‘immediate’ audit of plan
- 19990203 Retirement board splits over need for independent manager
- 19990203 Finance director resigns under fire of pension flap
- 19990210 Former finance director lashes back at critics, hints suit
- 19990224 Flint to boost pension fund
- 19990319 Flint sent tax funds to wrong units
- 19990326 Ex-finance director cashes in on $6,000 in unused vacation time
- 19990330 Flint could owe state millions some industrial facilities taxes have not been paid since 1996
- 19990408 Stanley acts on money woes, appoints new finance chief
- 19990411 Stanley must share blame as part of his plan to fix city’s financial woes
- 19990909 Audit details shortfalls in financial procedures
- 20100219 Personal injury complaint against Marc Puckett
- 20100408 Answer of defendant, Marc R. Puckett, to plaintiffs’ complaint
- 20101227 New finance director to step down
- 20101228 Marc Puckett out — Again
- 20101230 Leadership turmoil
- 20110104 The world according to John Moorlach
- 20110110 City faces $231,000 deficit
- 20110113 Interim finance director named
- 20110210 Marc Puckett’s speeding ticket
- 201102405 Marc Puckett’s ticket for stopping on a red signal
- 20110817 Marc Puckett’s ticket for no license plate
- 20120309 Marc Puckett’s Orange County accident case information
- 20120425 Marc Puckett’s speeding ticket
- 20120703 Marc Puckett’s speeding ticket
- 20140724 Marc Puckett’s speeding ticket
- 20141124 Marc Puckett’s ticket for coasting out of gear
- 20141205 Marc Puckett’s ticket for speeding
- 20150529 Marc Puckett’s ticket for improper use of preferred lane
- Comments for tonight’s council meeting
- The innumerate Mr. Puckett
- Shill crazy after all these years
- Earth to Puckett!
- About those awards
- One PRR story: American Express (CC)
- 20160913 Documents link top Apple Valley official to #FlintWaterCrisis
- 20160913 Investigation: Flint / Apple Valley Connection
- 20160915 Economic Speech (Trump)
- 20161018 Will Apple Valley become California’s Flint, MI?
- 20170319 Trump EPA grants Michigan $100 million to fix Flint water system
- 20170320 Sinkhole: Effort to replace pipes to Flint homes off to slow start
- 20170806 Vehicle belonging to AV town manager involved in hit-and-run
- He’s gonna need a good lawyer
- 20170809 Apple Valley official believes Liberty could have followed him before crash
- Public trust destroyed (Carloni)
- 20170907 Hit-and-run investigation involving Marc Puckett’s Cadillac sent to DA
- 20171010 Marc Puckett’s speeding ticket
- A question of character
- 20171206 Apple Valley Finance Director Marc Puckett charged with felony hit-and-run
- 20171206 A long wait for crash victim
- 20171117 A history of infractions
- 20171207 Apple Valley Finance Director Marc Puckett on personal leave after felony hit-and-run charge filed
- 20171214 Apple Valley Finance Director Marc Puckett pleads not guilty to felony hit-and-run charge
- 20171214 I-15 crash victim seeks $2M in damages from Apple Valley
- 20171219 Editorial: Passing the Puck (Valles)
- 20171228 Town Hall position not a factor in Puckett’s custody status, attorney says
- 20180105 Puckett forced out as Apple Valley’s Assistant Manager & Finance Director
- 20180109 Tin Cup Men (Valles)
- 20180116 Puckett’s dismissal just what the town needed (Valles)
- 20180307 Puckett deposition set for mid-April in town’s eminent domain case
- 20180425 Pre-plea report ordered in Puckett’s felony case
Files related to TOAV resolutions
Files related to retail water rights and agreements
- 19890418 Ordinance 13
- 19980602 Agreement of Purchase and Sale of Jess Ranch Wastewater System and Assessment District No. 86-1 Water System Improvements
- 19980728 Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale of Jess Ranch Wastewater System and Assessment District No. 86-1 Water System Improvements
- 19990603 In the Matter of the Application of Apple Valley Ranchos Water Company (U 346 W) (U 346 S) for Authority to Transfer its Sewer Division to the Town of Apple Valley
- 20100501 Ordinance 1180
- 20140711 Original letter from AVRWC attorney
- 20140909 Response from TOAV attorney
- 20140920 TOAV rebuffs AVRWC’s damage claims
- 20141006 Corrections from AVRWC attorney
- 20141008 Ordinance No. 4256
- 20150204 Letter to the TOAV (Schilling)
- 20150623 AVRWC Town council presentation (Jordan)
Documents related to Rialto
- 20120627 City of Rialto approves water rate increases, denies petition
- 20140806 Is the trouble at DWP a lesson for Apple Valley?
- 20150611 DWP worker misappropriated over $4 million
- 20150708 L.A., pushing big water rate increases, seeks 18% more from typical users
- 20150709 DWP proposes rate increase to pay for system upgrades
- 20151014 Yorba Linda residents protest soaring water bill rates
- 20151019 Letter: The truth about water (Lee)
- 20151021 LA DWP, other utilities to raise water rates because of drought
Files related to sewer and wastewater treatment
- 201008 VVWRA Sewer Master Plan
- 20110228 Low-flow toilets cause a stink in SF
- 20150629 California drought taking serious toll on aging sewer system in San Francisco
- 20150831 VVWRA percolation ponds
- 20150901 Unintended consequences of conserving water: leaky pipes, less revenue, bad odors
- 20160120 Grants received by VVWRA save Victor Valley millions
See also files related to retail water rights.
Files related to shills
Files related to the the Town’s transparency
- 20100913 Transparency — Ethics — Accountable (Stanton)
- 20150526 TOAV lacks transparency (Lee)
- Transparency is job No. 1
- Transparency
- 20150811 Ranchos Acquisition Efforts Transparency Report
- 20150914 Letter: Transparency or racket? (Harbottle)
- A critical examination of the TOAV’s ‘Transparency Report‘
- TOAV ‘transparency’: One and done, or more to come?
- TOAV’s attempt at transparency is sorely lacking
- Wrong focus
- Comparative transparency
- 20160126 Ranchos Acquisition Efforts Transparency Report
- Comparing transparency
- The future of transparency
- 20160831 Ranchos Acquisition Efforts Transparency Report
- 20160913 Ranchos Acquisition Efforts Transparency Report
- 20160915 Apple Valley’s water transparency report reveals price tag at $1.5 million
- Some ‘transparency’
- Public records request: Transparency reports
- Public records request: Acquisition-related documents
- 20190725 TOAV PRR response 1
- 20190725 TOAV PRR response 2
- 20190726 TOAV PRR extension
- Following up on unanswered public records requests
- The numbers don’t add up
- 20190812 TOAV response to public records request 2019-292: No records related to acquisition expenses
- Public records request 2019-292: Attorney demand letter
- 20190820 TOAV PRR 2019-292: Acknowledgement of demand letter
- 20190830 TOAV partial response to public records request 2019-292
- Transparency, Apple Valley style
Files related to water rates
- 2010 Water rate comparison table
- 20110629 Final Report: County of San Bernardino Grand Jury
- 2014 Estimated total monthly water cost
- 20140814 State auditor to survey water prices in the area
- 20140814 State Auditor to audit water rates in Apple Valley and surrounding areas
- 20140815 AVRWC to participate in state audit of regional cost of water service
- 20150428 TOAV Town Hall presentation (for May 2014)
- 20150430 California State Auditor’s Report: Apple Valley area water rates
- 20150727 State Audit Confirms Reasonableness of Apple Valley Area Water Utilities’ Costs and Rates
- 20150430 Audit questions millions spent by Victorville’s water district
- 20150430 Audit: Private water more costly
- 20150430 AVRWC: State Audit Affirms Distinctions and Differences of Government-Owned and Private, Regulated Water Utilities
- Comparative water use (video)
- 20160913 Eric Larsen (Liberty Utilities) corrects the Town Council and staff (video)
- 20160926 Understanding your water bill
- Indirect comparisons are flawed
- 20170312 Editor’s Notebook: The water world we live in
- Missing water bill information
- Filling in the facts
- Apples and oranges
- Hidden costs, revisited
- 20181221 Hesperia reinstates water connection fee for future homes